{"id":5063642,"date":"2025-10-24T11:59:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-24T09:59:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/mesoliitilised-asulakohad-sindi-lodias\/"},"modified":"2025-10-27T10:09:46","modified_gmt":"2025-10-27T08:09:46","slug":"mesolithic-settlement-sites-in-sindi-lodja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/en\/paikuse-history-trail\/mesolithic-settlement-sites-in-sindi-lodja\/","title":{"rendered":"Mesolithic settlement sites in Sindi-Lodja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5063642\" class=\"elementor elementor-5063642\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da24ff0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"da24ff0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9585453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9585453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mesolithic settlement sites in Sindi-Lodja<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b208b8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7b208b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e09bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"91e09bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fe70ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fe70ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"p1\"><b>Discovery of settlements and archaeological excavations<\/b><\/h2><p class=\"p1\"><b>The lower reaches of the P\u00e4rnu River, around the mouth of the Reiu River, are the richest source of Stone Age finds in Estonia. Over more than a hundred years, a couple of thousand Stone Age artefacts \u2013 arrowheads, spearheads, fishhooks, harpoon heads and more \u2013 have been unearthed from the riverbanks and from gravel and sand excavated from the riverbed.<\/b><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Assuming that these artefacts could have come from settlements located along the riverbank, several archaeological excavations were undertaken from 1905 onwards, led by history enthusiasts among the Baltic-German members of the P\u00e4rnu Antiquities Society. However, no settlements were located or identified until 1967, when the remains of a Stone Age settlement were discovered on the site of the former Pulli Farm, just above the Sindi dam.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">It was here, in the mouth of the Reiu River, that a young history enthusiast, Lauri Mikkelsaar (1984-2001), collected chance finds from the riverbank in 2000. This led to test excavations, after which a layer of organic humus several centimetres thick was discovered beneath several metres of sediment, from which flint and bone fragments clearly indicated traces of human activity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ec2a83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ec2a83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-001.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"6-001\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"6-001\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTA2Mzg2NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Zpc2l0cGFybnUuY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8xMFwvNi0wMDEuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-001.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5063867\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-001.jpg 945w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-001-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-001-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Lauri Mikkelsaar excavating in Sindi-Lodja in 2001. Photo from the P\u00e4rnu Museum collection<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c0f13d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c0f13d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Over several summers starting in 2001, archaeologists conducted extensive excavations along the P\u00e4rnu River at Sindi-Lodja in the course of which multiple ancient settlements were identified.<\/b><\/p><p class=\"p1\">Initially, it was assumed that the settlement sites might be as old as or even older than the Pulli settlement. This was suggested by a flint core with tool marks from an early Mesolithic flintstone collected by chance from the same riverbed. However, later analyses determined that these settlements dated to the middle Mesolithic period.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1d1e06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1d1e06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-002.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"6-002\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"6-002\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTA2Mzg2OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Zpc2l0cGFybnUuY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8xMFwvNi0wMDIuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-002.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5063868\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-002.jpg 945w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-002-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-002-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Archaeologist Aivar Kriiska with finds Photo from the P\u00e4rnu Museum collection<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-886391c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"886391c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">The earliest traces of settlement at the Sindi-Lodja I site date from 7100-6700 BCE. The inhabitants were forced to leave the area due to the rising sea level, which at its height reached as far as Sindi.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">At the second discovered settlement site, Sindi-Lodja II, the layer that was rich in finds was only a few dozen centimetres thick but contained a large number of animal bones. According to archaeologist Aivar Kriiska, the seal bones found here are particularly interesting, as those found at this site and at Sindi-Lodja ll represent the oldest evidence of seal hunting in Estonia.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">In addition, a third settlement site was discovered in 2001, which was dated as being younger than the previous two. It belonged to the era of Neolithic Corded Ware culture, around 4000-3200 BC. As a settlement site, it was named Sindi-Lodja III.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01baefd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"01baefd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbcdc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2dbcdc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Prehistoric settlement history of the lower P\u00e4rnu River<\/b><\/p><p class=\"p1\">After the ice sheet retreated around 12,500 years ago, a lake separated from the ocean formed in today\u2019s Baltic Sea basin from meltwater trapped by glaciers, known as the <b>Baltic Ice Lake.<\/b> Its water level was significantly higher than today\u2019s sea level: its coastline ran somewhere between Kilingi-N\u00f5mme, Suure-Jaani and Rapla. Around 9700 BCE, as the lake overflowed due to the continued melting of ice, it broke through to today\u2019s central Sweden and drained into the world ocean. As a result, the water level dropped at a catastrophic rate, by around 25 metres in total. The area around here was freed from water, and the shoreline receded to roughly the middle of present-day P\u00e4rnu Bay, forming what is now known as the Yoldia Sea in the area of today\u2019s Baltic Sea.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffe5677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ffe5677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-004.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"6-004\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"6-004\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTA2Mzg3MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Zpc2l0cGFybnUuY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8xMFwvNi0wMDQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"817\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-004.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5063870\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-004.jpg 817w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-004-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-004-768x591.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The highest shoreline of Ancylus Lake, around 10,200 years ago.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7671290 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7671290\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Around 9000 BC, the connection between the sea and the ocean was cut off again, due to the rapid uplift of the Earth\u2019s crust in Scandinavia freed from the ice sheet. This marked the beginning of the next stage in the formation of the Baltic Sea, known as the <b>Ancylus Lake.<\/b> In its early phase, around 9000-8550 BC, the oldest discovered settlement in Estonia \u2013 the <b>Pulli settlement \u2013<\/b> was likely used as a seasonal campsite. As meltwater from glaciers continued to flow into the Ancylus Lake, the water level gradually rose, and it was probably for this reason that the inhabitants had to abandon the site. Over the centuries, the settlement became buried under several meters of sediment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28dfbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b28dfbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-003.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"6-003\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"6-003\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTA2Mzg2OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Zpc2l0cGFybnUuY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8xMFwvNi0wMDMuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"817\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-003.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5063869\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-003.jpg 817w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-003-300x231.jpg 300w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-003-768x591.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The shoreline of the Littoral Sea, around 7500 years ago, with the area of present-day Paikuse submerged beneath a lagoon separated by a narrow sand spit.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-853e7d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"853e7d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Around 8300-8200 BCE, the Antsylus Lake, which continued to collect meltwater from the Scandinavian glaciers, reached such a high level that it began to flow into the ocean across the Danish straits. This again led to a drop in the water level, moving the shoreline roughly to the area of the present-day mouth of the Reiu River. It was at this time, during the so-called <b>Littorina Sea<\/b> period, that settlements were established along the then coastline, now known as the <b>Sindi-Lodja I<\/b> site (in use around 7000-6700 BCE) and, about 400 meters upstream, the <b>Sindi-Lodja II<\/b> site (in use around 6900 BCE). As the slower land uplift in south-western Estonia was gradually submerged again due to rising sea levels, these two Mesolithic settlements became buried over the following millennia under sediments deposited by wind and water.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6699a7e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6699a7e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b5421 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"85b5421\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-005.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"6-005\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"6-005\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTA2Mzg3MSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Zpc2l0cGFybnUuY29tXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI1XC8xMFwvNi0wMDUuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-005.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5063871\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-005.jpg 945w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-005-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/6-005-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The jawbone of a large pike eaten around 9000 years ago Displayed in the permanent exhibition of P\u00e4rnu Museum<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e77571f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e77571f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><b>Seal hunters\u2019 habitat<\/b><\/p><p class=\"p1\">The Mesolithic settlements of Sindi-Lodja I and Sindi-Lodja II were probably year-round settlements, where inhabitants could hunt in the forests and fish in both the sea and along the river. The people who lived here would have looked similar to modern humans and probably had a developed spoken language and organised social structure.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">Based on animal bones found in the settlement layers, it has been determined that the inhabitants hunted mainly wild boar, but also elk, aurochs, deer, hares, beavers and other game. They also caught birds and fished. It was likely during this period that humans first began hunting marine mammals: the oldest traces of seal hunting in the area come from these settlements.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The three settlement sites discovered so far along the riverbank here are almost certainly not the only ones in the area \u2013 there could be many more interesting things hidden beneath the ground. In 2024, archaeological investigations were carried out in preparation for the construction of a new bridge at the mouth of the Reiu River. Trial excavations revealed the presence of an archaeological cultural layer beneath more than four metres of sediment.<\/p><p class=\"p1\"><b>Both the settlement sites and the entire forest area between the road and the river are protected as an archaeological monument.<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mesolithic settlement sites in Sindi-Lodja Discovery of settlements and archaeological excavations The lower reaches of the P\u00e4rnu River, around the mouth of the Reiu River, are the richest source of Stone Age finds in Estonia. Over more than a hundred years, a couple of thousand Stone Age artefacts \u2013 arrowheads, spearheads, fishhooks, harpoon heads and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"parent":5063628,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5063642","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mesolithic settlement sites in Sindi-Lodja - Visit P\u00e4rnu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/visitparnu.com\/en\/paikuse-history-trail\/mesolithic-settlement-sites-in-sindi-lodja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mesolithic settlement sites in Sindi-Lodja - Visit P\u00e4rnu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mesolithic settlement sites in Sindi-Lodja Discovery of settlements and archaeological excavations The lower reaches of the P\u00e4rnu River, around the mouth of the Reiu River, are the richest source of Stone Age finds in Estonia. 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